{"id":2396,"date":"2023-11-07T08:49:13","date_gmt":"2023-11-07T13:49:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/?p=2396"},"modified":"2025-08-21T15:19:59","modified_gmt":"2025-08-21T19:19:59","slug":"immigration-2-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/en\/immigration-2-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Immigration"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-base-color has-accent-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-20e6f739e053eae20f95da3c61fdc2fa has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8be1afae wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7fbac661 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">London has been very proactive in trying to attract, support, and retain immigrants.<\/p>\n<cite>Kareem El-Assal, <em>London Free Press<\/em>, March 7, 2020<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">On March 2, 1793, Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe chose the forks of the Thames River as the site for the capital of Upper Canada. It was not to be, and no newcomers settled at the site for over 30 years. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1826 that changed. Officials decided London would host the new courthouse and jail. As the administrative centre for the London District, the community grew fast. London soon became the commercial, military, and industrial hub of the surrounding region. It continues to attract new residents today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here, we share stories of the people who have made London home and the policies and processes that shaped their experiences.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-alignwide has-heading-font-family has-x-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);font-style:italic;font-weight:300\">Explore the time periods that shaped London…<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-style-horizontal-overflow is-style-horizontal-timeline is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-212337f5 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"border-bottom-color:var(--wp--preset--color--suede);border-bottom-width:4px;padding-left:0\">\n<div data-ghub-url=\"#early-19th\" class=\"has-ghub-link wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-ef96a47e wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-left-color:var(--wp--preset--color--suede);border-left-width:4px;padding-left:1.5rem\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-body-font-family has-x-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:300;line-height:1.2\">Early 19th Century<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-ghub-url=\"#late-19th\" class=\"has-ghub-link wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-ef96a47e wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-left-color:var(--wp--preset--color--suede);border-left-width:4px;padding-left:1.5rem\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-x-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:300;line-height:1.2\">Late 19th Century to the First World War<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-ghub-url=\"#20th-century\" class=\"has-ghub-link wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-ef96a47e wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-left-color:var(--wp--preset--color--suede);border-left-width:4px;padding-left:1.5rem\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-x-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:300;line-height:1.2\">20th Century<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-wpseopress-table-of-contents has-small-font-size\"><nav><ul><li><a href=\"#early-19th\">Early 19th Century<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#late-19th\">Late 19th Century to the First World War<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#20th-century\">20th Century<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-base-color has-heritage-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-dbaab20bc75c99c3adee705340965b5d has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide has-text-align-left\" id=\"early-19th\" style=\"margin-top:0.5rem\">Early 19th <br>Century<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-0f5d4a7e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-column-is-layout-bc05bea3 wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"has-x-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">At first many immigrants to London and the surrounding region came from the United States. Later the majority came from Great Britain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-container-core-column-is-layout-35693647 wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:60%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-37df56ef wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-container-content-9cfa9a5a wp-block-paragraph\">After the British Constitution Act established Upper Canada in 1791, more and more newcomers began to settle in the western part of the area. In 1826, they began to settle in London.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At first, many of these settlers came from the United States and other parts of British North America. With the end of the War of 1812 in 1815, however, immigration from Great Britain skyrocketed. Rural poverty and urban unemployment drove thousands to seek new opportunities in Canada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">London grew from a village to a town to a city in a matter of 30 years.<\/p>\n\n\n    <li id=\"1958.001.245\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1958.001.245\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f3ab6a55 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"la\">Laying out London<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">American-born land surveyor Mahlon Burwell, pictured to the right, used this surveyor\u2019s reel in the 1820s. Perhaps he used it to draw this 1826 map (far right) of the village that would become London. Working for the provincial government, Burwell also laid out roads and townships across southwestern Ontario.<\/p>\n\n\n    <li id=\"1968.013.005\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1968.013.005\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr1-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"802\" height=\"1200\" data-id=\"1764\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr1-1-802x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1764\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr1-1-802x1200.jpg 802w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr1-1-535x800.jpg 535w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr1-1-768x1148.jpg 768w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr1-1-1027x1536.jpg 1027w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr1-1-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr1-1.jpg 1290w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 802px) 100vw, 802px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photograph, Early 19th Century, Library and Archives Canada, MIKAN 4312620<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr2-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1195\" height=\"1200\" data-id=\"1765\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr2-1195x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1765\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr2-1195x1200.jpg 1195w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr2-797x800.jpg 797w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr2-768x771.jpg 768w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr2-1530x1536.jpg 1530w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr2-2040x2048.jpg 2040w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1195px) 100vw, 1195px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Map, 1826, Library and Archives Canada, MIKAN 4130395<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-style-center-border is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-d2ff8b43 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1619\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr3-1619x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1766\" style=\"aspect-ratio:4\/3;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr3-1619x1200.jpg 1619w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr3-1079x800.jpg 1079w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr3-768x569.jpg 768w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr3-1536x1138.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr3.jpg 1638w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1619px) 100vw, 1619px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photograph, Late 19th Century, Collection of Museum London, 2015<br>2015.026.023<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">New Administrative Centre<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This wooden building was London\u2019s temporary courthouse and jail from 1826 to 1829. It replaced the London District courthouse and jail in Vittoria, Upper Canada, damaged by fire in 1825. Because newcomers had moved westward away from Vittoria, Simcoe\u2019s proposed village of London became the new administrative centre for the district.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dartnell-george-russell-the-gaol-and-courthouse-london-canada-west-c.-1841-48.a.61-low-res.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dartnell-george-russell-the-gaol-and-courthouse-london-canada-west-c.-1841-48.a.61-low-res-768x540.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1767\" style=\"aspect-ratio:4\/3;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dartnell-george-russell-the-gaol-and-courthouse-london-canada-west-c.-1841-48.a.61-low-res-768x540.jpg 768w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dartnell-george-russell-the-gaol-and-courthouse-london-canada-west-c.-1841-48.a.61-low-res-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/dartnell-george-russell-the-gaol-and-courthouse-london-canada-west-c.-1841-48.a.61-low-res.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">George Russell Dartnell, British, (1799-1878) The Gaol and Courthouse, London, Canada West (reproduction), c. 1841 Watercolour Art Fund, 1948<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bustle and Activity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Workers completed London\u2019s stucco-covered brick courthouse in 1829. British army surgeon George Russell Dartnell\u2019s watercolour depicts it in 1841. The building of this structure and the activity that occurred within its walls attracted many new residents and businesses to London.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-base-color has-accent-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-d4aad9d401099d174f2bfe2720a1942d has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-radius:1rem\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f3ab6a55 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">    <li id=\"1958.001.345\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1958.001.345\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">London’s First White Newcomer<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1937, a stone grave marker replaced this wooden one at Peter McGregor\u2019s final resting place. McGregor is considered London\u2019s first white newcomer. Born in Scotland in 1793, he arrived in the London District in 1825. He worked for surveyor Mahlon Burwell, opened London\u2019s first tavern in 1826, and was the community\u2019s first jailer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-style-default is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f3ab6a55 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a\">An Entrepreneur<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">American-born George Jervis Goodhue was one among many Americans to leave the United States to settle in Upper Canada after the War of 1812 (1812-1814). First living in Westminster Township, Goodhue moved to London in 1826 when it became the district capital. He established a prosperous business on the courthouse square. Although some worried Americans would bring their republican attitudes to British North America, government policies classed them as desirable immigrants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"860\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr5-860x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr5-860x1200.jpg 860w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr5-573x800.jpg 573w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr5-768x1072.jpg 768w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr5-1100x1536.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr5.jpg 1146w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photograph, Courtesy the London Public Library<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a\">Tolpuddle Martyrs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">John Standfield made this box in 1836 to carry his belongings back to England from Australia. Two years earlier in 1834, he and five other men, the Tolpuddle Martyrs, had been transported to Australia for banding together to protest agricultural labour wage cuts. Mass protests across Great Britain led to their pardon. John and four others later immigrated to Canada and settled in the London area. The men were part of a surge in immigration from Great Britain that impacted London and other parts of British North America in the 1830s.<\/p>\n\n\n    <li id=\"1970.015.001\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1970.015.001\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a\">Slowing Immigration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">John Weyman Price and his wife, Elizabeth, immigrated to London from England in 1855. John used the lantern in his job as an engineer with the Great Western Railway, later the Grand Trunk Railway. Because of the Crimean War (1853-1856), immigration rates dropped in the mid-1850s. Great Britain needed men for its army and male and female industrial and agricultural workers to fuel the war effort.<\/p>\n\n\n    <li id=\"1967.002.001\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1967.002.001\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-suede-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f3ab6a55 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"t\">The Irish<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anne McCormick Porte (far right) and her family arrived in London in 1829 from County Down, Ireland. Fourteen-year-old Ann Marshall (right) and her family left Ireland and settled in London in 1834. Ann brought the doll below, Fanny, with her. Between 1847 and 1854, hundreds of thousands more Irish arrived in British North America, some settling in London. They were fleeing the potato famine that devastated the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-content-justification-right is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1d488b43 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">    <li id=\"1965.146.001\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1965.146.001\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr7.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"773\" height=\"1200\" data-id=\"1770\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr7-773x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1770\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr7-773x1200.jpg 773w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr7-516x800.jpg 516w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr7-768x1192.jpg 768w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr7-990x1536.jpg 990w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr7.jpg 1031w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 773px) 100vw, 773px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Ann Marshall<br>Photograph, Courtesy the London Public Library<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr6.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"790\" height=\"1200\" data-id=\"1769\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr6-790x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1769\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr6-790x1200.jpg 790w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr6-526x800.jpg 526w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr6-768x1167.jpg 768w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr6-1011x1536.jpg 1011w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr6.jpg 1253w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Anne McCormick Porte<br>Photograph, Collection of Museum London, Gift of Anne Porte, 1990<br>1990.019.003<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-e912bbd3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"border-bottom-color:var(--wp--preset--color--suede);border-bottom-width:2px;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Escaping Slavery<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alfred T. Jones escaped his white enslaver in Kentucky in 1833 and arrived in London the same year. When Benjamin Drew interviewed him in the 1850s, Jones owned an apothecary shop on Ridout Street. He noted about his compatriots: \u201cThere are coloured people employed in this city . . . many are succeeding well[.]\u201d Those who escaped slavery made London home because it was close enough to reach from the American border. It was also far enough away to avoid recapture.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">    <li id=\"1972.062.004\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1972.062.004\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-style-center-border is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-0acb49d1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr8.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"802\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr8-802x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1771\" style=\"aspect-ratio:4\/3;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr8-802x1200.jpg 802w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr8-535x800.jpg 535w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr8-768x1149.jpg 768w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr8-1026x1536.jpg 1026w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr8.jpg 1069w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 802px) 100vw, 802px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cabinet Card Photograph, Late 19th Century, From the Rick Bell Family Collection, Brock University Archives<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">London’s Black Population<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">London photographer John Cooper\u2019s cabinet card depicts two unnamed Black men in the late 19th century. In 1861, census figures reveal almost 600 Black people lived in London and the surrounding area. That number fell to around 350 in 1901. This decline reflected the impact of the late 1850s recession. It also resulted from growing industrialization, urbanization, and racism, which reduced opportunities for Black people in London. Not only did some Black people leave but also officials stopped potential Black American immigrants at the border. From the late 19th century through to 1967, Canadian officials believed they could not adapt to Canada\u2019s climate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr9.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"997\" height=\"747\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr9.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1763\" style=\"aspect-ratio:4\/3;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr9.jpg 997w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.1-gr9-768x575.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 997px) 100vw, 997px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photograph, Around 1908, Courtesy the London Public Library<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Shadrack “Shack” Martin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here London barber \u201cShack\u201d Martin (middle) is at work in George Taylor\u2019s King Street barber shop around 1908. Martin had immigrated to London in 1854, one of hundreds of African Americans to leave the United States following the passage of the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act. This act required authorities to return people escaping enslavement to their enslavers. Slave catchers also captured free Black people, selling them into slavery.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-base-color has-heritage-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-f9a5a3e9183dc25ed3aff6966958012c has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide has-text-align-left\" id=\"late-19th\" style=\"margin-top:0.5rem\">Late 19th Century to <br>the First World War<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-0f5d4a7e wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-column-is-layout-bc05bea3 wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<p class=\"has-x-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">After 1867, London benefitted from the new federal government\u2019s efforts to promote immigration to populate the newly formed dominion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-container-core-column-is-layout-35693647 wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:60%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the passage of the British North America Act on July 1, 1867, Canada\u2019s first prime minister, Sir John A. Macdonald recognized the need to populate the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Government officials gave preference to immigrants who were farmers with capital, agricultural labourers, or female domestics. And they came, in order of preference, from Great Britain, the United States, and Northern Europe. And yet many others came as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-container-content-9cfa9a5a wp-block-paragraph\">Although Macdonald was focused on populating Canada\u2019s west, new immigrants settled across the country, including in London.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">London grew from a village to a town to a city in a matter of 30 years.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\">Chinese Immigration<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-style-center-border is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f3ab6a55 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f3ab6a55 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overcoming Adversity<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here, Lem Wong sits with his wife, Toye, and their eight children in 1961. The children grew up doing the same things as other London youth. They went to school, attended church services, and threw themselves into local sports. They felt a sense of belonging. But they experienced racism too. Visible minorities in what was a white, conservative community were not permitted to forget they were different.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wong had immigrated to Canada from China in 1896. As the federal Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 demanded, he paid a head tax of $50. After working in laundries across the country including in London, he opened his caf\u00e9 in 1914. In 1911, he paid a head tax that had risen to $500 so that his wife, Toye Chin, could join him. Their five-year-old son, Victor, came with her.<\/p>\n\n\n    <li id=\"2004.027.012\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-2004.027.012\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr1-1200x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1773\" style=\"aspect-ratio:4\/3;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr1-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr1-800x800.jpg 800w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr1-500x500.jpg 500w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr1-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr1.jpg 1299w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photograph, 1961, <em>London Free Press<\/em> Collection, Western Archives, Western University, London, Canada<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hop Sing Laundry<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr2-1961.127.027-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1525\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr2-1961.127.027-1525x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1774\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr2-1961.127.027-1525x1200.jpg 1525w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr2-1961.127.027-1017x800.jpg 1017w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr2-1961.127.027-768x604.jpg 768w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr2-1961.127.027-1536x1209.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr2-1961.127.027-2048x1612.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1525px) 100vw, 1525px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photograph, 1920s, Gift of William Robertson, 1961<br>1961.127.027<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hop Sing operated his laundry on Clarence Street in the 1920s. He was one of several Chinese men operating laundries in London in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. With the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the mid-1880s, many Chinese workers headed east. The racist attitudes of employers and trade unions drove many to work as domestic servants, laundrymen, or restaurant workers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-suede-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-style-reverse-cols is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f3ab6a55 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"862\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr3-resized-min-862x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1772\" style=\"aspect-ratio:9\/16;object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr3-resized-min-862x1200.jpg 862w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr3-resized-min-575x800.jpg 575w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr3-resized-min-768x1069.jpg 768w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr3-resized-min-1104x1536.jpg 1104w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr3-resized-min-9x12.jpg 9w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.2-gr3-resized-min.jpg 1437w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 862px) 100vw, 862px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photograph, Late 19th Century, Gift of Keith Manness, London, Ontario, 1986<br>1986.029.002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Searching for Opportunity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jane Berry Manness (left), her husband, Frederick, and their five children emigrated from Jersey in 1872. They were among more than 4,000 Jersey residents, just over seven per cent of the population, to leave the island between 1871 and 1881, after its economy declined.<\/p>\n\n\n    <li id=\"1986.029.001\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1986.029.001\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full is-style-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1993.036.016-aw-resized.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1572\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1993.036.016-aw-resized.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1993.036.016-aw-resized.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1993.036.016-aw-resized-1018x800.jpg 1018w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1993.036.016-aw-resized-1527x1200.jpg 1527w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1993.036.016-aw-resized-768x604.jpg 768w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1993.036.016-aw-resized-1536x1207.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/1993.036.016-aw-resized-15x12.jpg 15w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Drawing, Raymond Crinklaw, Swartz Tavern, c. 1850, Commissioners Road, Westminster Township, 1986, Gift of Raymond Crinklaw, 1993<br>1993.036.016<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f3ab6a55 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a\">A Home for Child Immigrants<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Built as Swartz Tavern around 1822, this building became the Guthrie House from 1874. English philanthropist Dr. John Middlemore operated it as a receiving home for impoverished British children he chose to place with Canadian families. More than 2,000 came to London by the time the Guthrie House closed around 1900. Although criticized, child emigration schemes like Middlemore\u2019s saw some 100,000 British \u201chome children\u201d come to Canada by 1939 when the programs officially ended.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-base-color has-accent-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-398e2708bcca06e559ec22490ca26b42 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-radius:1rem\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f3ab6a55 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/afc_341-s3-i63_w_leff___co__1920__hines_studio_collection-min.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/afc_341-s3-i63_w_leff___co__1920__hines_studio_collection-min-1632x1200.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3462\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/afc_341-s3-i63_w_leff___co__1920__hines_studio_collection-min-1632x1200.jpeg 1632w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/afc_341-s3-i63_w_leff___co__1920__hines_studio_collection-min-1088x800.jpeg 1088w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/afc_341-s3-i63_w_leff___co__1920__hines_studio_collection-min-768x565.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/afc_341-s3-i63_w_leff___co__1920__hines_studio_collection-min-1536x1130.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/afc_341-s3-i63_w_leff___co__1920__hines_studio_collection-min-16x12.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/afc_341-s3-i63_w_leff___co__1920__hines_studio_collection-min.jpeg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">William Leff &amp; Co., 1920, Hines Studio Collection, Western Archives, Western University, London, Canada<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"j\">Jewish Immigration to London<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">William Leff opened his scrap and salvage business in London in 1898. It endured as a family business until 1972. Leff, with his parents and siblings had immigrated to London from Russia in the early 1890s. They fled growing anti-Semitism in their homeland, which fueled violence and caused economic hardship. They joined London\u2019s small, but growing, Jewish community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1920, William Leff built this three-story facility at 555 Bathurst Street for his growing business. Leff often hired new Jewish immigrants, helping them to begin new lives. Ensuring his workers could respect the Jewish Sabbath on Saturday caused Leff trouble. In 1909 he was fined $10 and costs (around $300 today) when two of his employees worked on Sunday. This violated the 1906 Lord\u2019s Day Act, only repealed in 1985.<\/p>\n\n\n    <li id=\"2017.014.001\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-2017.014.001\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\" id=\"click-on-the-objects-to-learn-more-1\">Click on the objects to learn more…<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1a1833c8 wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">    <li id=\"1963.003.164\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1963.003.164\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n\n\n    <li id=\"1985.001.001\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1985.001.001\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n\n\n    <li id=\"2003.005.002\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-2003.005.002\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-base-color has-heritage-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-c871a59c16c1d882c22c3b5338b60c21 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide has-text-align-left\" id=\"20th-century\" style=\"margin-top:0.5rem\">20th Century<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-x-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">World events, and their impact on Canada and Canadians, determined the numbers of immigrants to come to London in the 20th century. It also dictated the countries from which those immigrants came.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-37df56ef wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-container-content-9cfa9a5a wp-block-paragraph\">In the first half of the 20th century, immigration to Canada plummeted because of the First World War and then the Great Depression. The federal government implemented strict measures to limit the number of people who could enter Canada.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the Second World War, immigration took off. Many came from war-affected countries. The federal government also began to dismantle its racist immigration infrastructure. For example, in 1947, it repealed the 1923 Chinese Exclusion Act.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f3ab6a55 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prepared to Work<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">British immigrant Charles Wray brought these tools with him when he came to London in 1906 in search of a better life. He was part of a surge in British immigration to Canada at that time. Minister of the Interior Clifford Sifton had launched an aggressive recruitment campaign in Great Britain. Within a decade, after the First World War (1914-1918) began, immigration slowed to a trickle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9546531d wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\">    <li id=\"1961.098.002\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1961.098.002\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n\n\n    <li id=\"1961.098.007\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1961.098.007\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n\n\n    <li id=\"1961.098.021\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1961.098.021\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n\n\n    <li id=\"1961.098.035\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1961.098.035\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n\n\n    <li id=\"1961.098.016\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-1961.098.016\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-base-color has-accent-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-041c372cc541e8904553f9fa2e7523ea has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-radius:1rem\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-f3ab6a55 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-rounded is-style-rounded--3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.3-gr1-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"823\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.3-gr1-823x1200.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1775\" srcset=\"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.3-gr1-823x1200.jpg 823w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.3-gr1-549x800.jpg 549w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.3-gr1-768x1119.jpg 768w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.3-gr1-1054x1536.jpg 1054w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.3-gr1-1405x2048.jpg 1405w, https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/4.3-gr1-scaled.jpg 1757w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 823px) 100vw, 823px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photograph, 1972, <em>London Free Press<\/em> Collection, Western Archives, Western University, London, Canada<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"f\">Family Connections<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Greek immigrant Bill Agnos, pictured here in 1972, emigrated to London from Greece in 1927. His father-in-law, James Liabotis, already in London, encouraged him to come. Since Greece was struggling with economic and political instability, there were few opportunities there. After working for his father-in-law, Agnos opened the Capital Shoe Repair and Hat Cleaners in 1934. It was a fixture in London for over 40 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b09e24dd wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\">    <li id=\"2006.003.003\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-2006.003.003\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n\n\n    <li id=\"2006.003.015\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-2006.003.015\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\">Click on the objects to learn more…<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9a1e2152 wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\">    <li id=\"2005.005.001\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-2005.005.001\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n\n\n    <li id=\"2016.053.001\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-2016.053.001\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n\n\n    <li id=\"2019.016.003\" class=\"collection-object wp-block-post collection-single-object\" data-id=\"collectionObject-2019.016.003\" data-type=\"collectionObject\">\r\n    <\/li> \r\n  \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From the first newcomers who arrived in the place that would become London in the early 19th century, London has grown to become the city of some 400,000 residents it is today in 2023.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1771,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2396","post","type-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2396","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2396"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2396\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4585,"href":"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2396\/revisions\/4585"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1771"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2396"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2396"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/londonhistoryonline.museumlondon.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2396"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}